Are Insects That Produce Terpenes?

Insects play a crucial role in inter- and intraspecific interactions, using specialized metabolites as infochemicals. A particularly abundant class of specialized metabolites is isoprenyl diphosphate intermediates (IDSs), which are conserved among plants and insects. Terpene synthases (TPSs) in insects evolved independently from IDSs. Some insects use terpenes as a method of communication, while others use them defensively.

Insects have evolved a chemical communication system using terpenoids, a structurally diverse class of specialized metabolites, previously thought to be exclusively produced by plants. Terpenes, a class of isoprenoids, comprise a highly diverse group of natural products often possessing pronounced biological activity. They are widespread throughout seed and nonseed plants and are also produced by insect species belonging to different orders.

Cyanogenic glycosides are restricted to seed plants and ferns and are synthesized by millipede and moth species, possibly also by beetles and true bugs. In plants, terpenes and terpenoids are important mediators of ecological interactions, while some insects use some terpenes as a form of defense. Terpenes and terpenoids are biosynthetically produced by the action of terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes.

The number of species and the number of compounds reported so far are not well understood. However, terpenes are biosynthetically produced by the action of terpene synthase (TPS) enzymes, which are found in plants and microbes. This review provides an overview of terpenes, types, biosynthesis, and their roles in protecting plants against microbial pathogens, insect pests, and weeds, rekindling the debate on using terpenes for environmentally friendly development.

Which Terpene Gets You The Highest?

Isolated terpenes play a significant role in enhancing mood and emotional well-being, with Limonene linked to feelings of euphoria. Myrcene is also recognized for its potential to reduce anxiety, fostering a relaxed and happy state. Terpenes are vital components of cannabis, contributing not only to the distinct scents and flavors of various strains but also influencing the overall psychoactive experience. This guide examines ten common terpenes found in cannabis and their effects, outlining how a terpene chart can assist in selecting cultivars tailored to achieve specific desired effects.

Myrcene, characterized by a musky, hoppy flavor, is predominantly found in Indica strains and is known for enhancing the highs associated with cannabis. While terpenes themselves do not induce a traditional high, they modulate the effects of THC and can promote unique mental experiences. For example, Linalool is recognized for its relaxing properties, reminiscent of lavender. Significantly, strains high in Myrcene, such as Mango, may enhance the overall high.

Additionally, a combination of terpenes like limonene, borneol, and sabinene may create a synergistic effect with THC, enhancing the overall therapeutic experience. Overall, terpenes are not cannabinoids but are instrumental in shaping the cannabis experience by providing relaxation and pain relief.

Do Insects Have A Cannabinoid System?

The endocannabinoid system (ECS), found in nearly all animal species except insects, exhibits similar benefits across species. Knockout mice lacking cannabinoid (CB) receptors experience significant health issues, underscoring the ECS's importance. This system is also considered phylogenetically ancient, present in mammals and even primitive invertebrates like the Hydra. However, insects, including species such as the western honey bee, common fruit fly, and darkling beetle, do not have cannabinoid receptors.

Consequently, they cannot process the psychoactive effects of Cannabis. While cannabinoids negatively affect insect herbivores, the specifics of these effects remain poorly understood. In vertebrates, two main cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, are found across various classes including mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish. The absence of cannabinoid receptors in insects has been a topic of debate, with studies confirming no orthologs of human CB receptors exist in the Drosophila genome.

Some research suggests that while cannabinoids may not work through traditional receptors in insects, they may engage receptor-independent pathways. In summary, insects lack an internal cannabinoid system, which sets them apart from numerous other animals. This absence explains why they do not experience the psychoactive effects associated with cannabinoids found in Cannabis.

Where Are Terpenes Extracted From?

Terpenes, aromatic compounds found in essential oils of plants, are commonly derived from conifer resins, such as pine. They are classified based on carbon count, including monoterpenes (C10) and sesquiterpenes (C15). A notable example is alpha-pinene, a primary component of turpentine. Botanical terpenes are isolated from legal plants like cloves, citrus, and lavender. Extraction techniques to preserve terpenes include subcritical CO2 and cold-hydrocarbon extraction, which produce terpene-rich extracts while reducing throughput. Subcritical CO2 extraction employs heat and pressure to convert carbon dioxide into a supercritical liquid, enhancing the extraction process's efficiency.

Common terpenes are collected using various methods, including hydrocarbon extraction, which employs solvents like butane and propane to extract not just terpenes but cannabinoids as well. Terpenes are emitted from specific structures in plants, primarily produced in trichomes, resinous glands usually located on flower buds. Each plant strain possesses a distinct terpene profile, which can influence mood and stress levels due to terpenes' interactions within the body.

Extraction methods are diverse and depend on the desired terpene’s characteristics, with steam and hydrodistillation being traditional approaches. The term "terpene" originates from the Latin word for turpentine, reflecting its plant-based derivation. Common extraction solvents include methanol, hexane, and ethanol, which facilitate the drawing out of terpenes from plant materials. Although effective, some methods like steam distillation are time-consuming. Overall, terpene extraction has broad applications, ranging from cosmetics to food additives. In essence, terpenes play a vital role in plant biology and have significant commercial value.

Do Animals Make Terpenes?

Terpene volatile messengers are prevalent across the animal kingdom, with significant advances made in understanding their biosynthesis pathways and enzymes, particularly among insects. Recent research indicates that soft corals, previously thought to rely solely on symbiotic microbes for terpene production, are also capable of synthesizing these molecules. Terpenes play crucial roles as components of pheromones and serve as chemical defenses against predators.

While their function in plants and microbes has been extensively studied, animals’ use of terpenes remains less explored, despite their significance in intra- and inter-specific interactions. Novel terpenes and terpenoids have been isolated or synthesized recently, expanding the potential of these compounds in clinical trials for therapeutic applications. This review highlights various aspects of terpenes, including their biosynthesis and protective roles in plants against pests and pathogens, suggesting they could offer environmentally sustainable solutions.

With over 80, 000 identified compounds, terpenes represent the largest class of natural products, contributing distinct aromas to plants and herbs, such as rosemary and lavender. Specific animals, like koalas and squirrels, have adapted their diets around terpenes, underscoring the interconnectedness of these compounds in ecosystems. Additionally, studies reveal that terpenes in essential oils can be transferred to cow's milk, indicating their pervasive influence on both flora and fauna. Continuing research will further uncover the ecological roles and biosynthesis of terpenes across different species.

What Is The Source Of Terpenes?

Terpenes are prevalent in the oils of plants and flowers, giving rise to unique odors, flavors, and colors. They are responsible for the scent of pine trees and the pigmentation in carrots and tomatoes. Key terpenes, like β-carotene in carrots, are classified as terpenes. Terpenes are biologically formed through the combination of two acetic acid molecules to produce mevalonic acid, which is then converted to isopentenyl pyrophosphate, containing five carbons.

Common terpenes arise from numerous botanical sources, including various plants besides cannabis, and can also be synthetically produced. Important botanical sources include cloves, citrus fruits, lavender, and pine needles. Terpenes, a diverse group of molecules made of isoprene (C5) units, include types like diterpenes (C20) and triterpenes (C30). They primarily contribute to the aroma of plants and act on the endocannabinoid system akin to cannabinoids.

Hydrolysis of carbocationic intermediates is a common pathway for producing terpenoids. Common sources of terpenes include tea, thyme, cannabis, Spanish sage, and various citrus fruits. Terpenes serve notable medicinal purposes, exhibiting characteristics such as fragrance, taste, and color that help in pest deterrence. Commercially, terpenes are often sourced from conifer resins. They are classified by carbon number, with monoterpenes (C10) being one of the categories. Terpenes and terpenoids, which are synthesized through the mevalonic acid and MEP pathways, are widely found in higher plants, including aromatic herbs and essential oils. These compounds play an essential role in the natural aroma of various plants and are released as biogenic volatile organic compounds.

How Are Terpenes Made?

Terpenes are essential organic compounds produced in nature by various flora, fauna, and insects, characterized by distinct scents and properties. Their biosynthesis occurs primarily through the mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways, utilizing the five-carbon isoprene skeleton. The process starts with the combination of acetic acid to form mevalonic acid (C6H12O4), which is subsequently converted into isopentenyl pyrophosphate, a key precursor for terpenes.

Extraction methods for terpenes can be categorized into traditional techniques like steam distillation and cold press extraction, as well as solvent-based methods. Steam distillation is commonly used for terpenes derived from plants, where volatile compounds are separated from plant material through steam. Cold pressing is particularly effective for citrus fruits, where oils are mechanically squeezed from the peels.

Moreover, the production of terpenes can be understood through their classification into groups such as monoterpenes, which consist of two isoprene units and are known for their volatility. While terpenes are abundant in some plants, their complex chemical structure often makes synthetic creation challenging, leading to higher extraction costs from natural sources.

Understanding the formation and extraction methods of terpenes can enhance their application in various industries, especially in improving the aroma and flavor profiles in cannabis products. As terpenes play a crucial role in sensory experiences, knowing their synthesis and extraction is essential for maximizing their potential in various uses.

How Do You Create Terpenes?

To enhance terpene production in your garden, consider these five strategies: First, select cannabis strains based on their terpene profiles, as different cultivars vary significantly. Second, ensure strong light levels, potentially using supplemental UV lights. Third, reduce temperatures in the last week of flowering. Fourth, utilize terpene-enhancing nutrients and additives. Finally, employ proper extraction methods, such as steam and hydrodistillation, as terpenes break down faster than cannabinoids under heat and pressure.

Terpenes, responsible for the aroma of cannabis, can be extracted effectively by following these guidelines. Begin by freezing cannabis buds after harvesting to maintain terpene integrity. Various factors influence terpene production, so a focus on optimizing plant genetics, growth medium, and fertilization will yield better results. Inducing slight stress in plants, wisely managing environmental conditions, and implementing low-stress training (LST) can also enhance trichome and terpene production.

Moreover, compost teas and natural fertilizers boost beneficial microbes in the soil, fostering increased terpene synthesis. The potential applications for terpenes are vast, including their use in skincare to promote hydration and alleviate inflammation. By understanding and applying these techniques, one can achieve higher terpene yields, resulting in potent cannabis extracts that preserve the authentic flavors and aromas of the plant.

Is There Any Science Behind Terpenes?

Research suggests that terpenes possess therapeutic properties capable of addressing various illnesses. These organic compounds, produced by plants like cannabis, serve to defend against predators and attract pollinators. Formed from isoprene units, terpenes have diverse molecular structures that contribute significantly to the human experience of cannabis. Often referred to as flowers or buds, the cannabis flowers are rich in cannabinoids and terpenes, making them highly valued.

Terpenes play an essential role in both the cannabis and wellness industries as they provide the distinct aromas and flavors associated with different strains. Recent studies indicate that terpenes interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS), which regulates numerous physiological processes. This interaction highlights their potential medicinal properties, including pain relief and anti-inflammatory effects.

Terpenes also serve ecological functions, assisting in plant defense against herbivores, attracting pollinators, and possibly facilitating communication between plants. They act as antifeedants, protecting plants from biotic stresses.

Among the many terpenes, borneol exhibits notable anticancer activity and is found not only in cannabis but also in plants like ginger, thyme, and rosemary. As primary components of essential oils, terpenes determine the aroma of various plants and possess a natural ability to deter insects.

Understanding terpenes’ biosynthesis and their roles in medicinal applications can unlock new treatment possibilities. While their importance is amplified in discussions about cannabis, ongoing research continues to reveal their wide range of biological and pharmacological activities, establishing terpenes as vital contributors to both plant health and potential therapeutic benefits.

What Plant Has The Most Terpenes?

α-Pinene is the most abundant terpene found in the plant kingdom, prevalent in coniferous trees, rosemary, and thyme. In cannabis, this terpene emits a strong earthy and piney scent, indicating its presence in the plant's trichomes, where terpenes are produced. Terpenes are crucial for the growth and survival of Cannabis, contributing to the plant's aroma and essential oil composition. The cannabis plant is known to contain over 150 terpenes, with research often focusing on singular compounds in higher concentrations than typically found by consumers.

Myrcene stands out as the most common terpene in cannabis, making up as much as 65% of the total terpene profile in certain strains. It has fruity notes and is often associated with musky, earthy indicas like Northern Lights, which offers a relaxing experience. This guide highlights the six most common cannabis terpenes and their therapeutic benefits, bolstering users' understanding of cannabis consumption. Beyond myrcene, terpenes such as linalool—found in lavender and basil—also play significant roles, and others may contribute to the aromatic profiles of various cannabis strains.

Notably, full-spectrum extracts retain the highest terpene levels, favoring the CO2 extraction method for optimal potency. Understanding these terpenes, including myrcene's considerable prevalence, enhances the appreciation of cannabis and its numerous varieties. As a reference, popular cannabis strains rich in myrcene include Mango Kush, Skunk XL, and White Widow, which all exemplify this significant terpene's diverse impact on flavor and effects.

Do Insects Make Terpenes?

There is increasing evidence that insects have developed enzymes similar to trans-IDS, enabling them to exhibit terpene synthase (TPS) activity, which facilitates the conversion of GPP or FPP into monoterpene and sesquiterpene pheromones. The synthesis of isoprenyl diphosphate intermediates via IDSs (isoprenyl diphosphate synthases) is conserved in plants and insects, but insect IDS-type TPSs evolved independently. Terpenes and terpenoids, which contribute to pheromone blends, play a vital role in various insect behaviors, serving as key infochemicals in both inter- and intraspecific interactions.

This review explores the evolution of IDS-like genes with TPS function in stink bugs, emphasizing their role in chemical communication. Specialized metabolites like terpenoids, long believed to be exclusive to plants, are now recognized as a significant communication system among insects. They utilize these compounds to mediate interactions within their environment. Furthermore, terpenes are abundant in both seed and nonseed plants and are produced by diverse insect species across different orders.

While cyanogenic glycosides are largely confined to seed plants and ferns, terpenes play a broader role in ecological relationships. Over 50 terpene and terpenoid-based pheromones have been identified in more than 52 insect species, including those in Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Stink bugs are noted for releasing pheromones classified as terpenes. Although insects lack the TPS enzymes typical of plants and microbes, they effectively utilize terpenes for intra- and interspecific communication and defense.